Acute sinusitis is usually triggered by upper respiratory tract infection before, usually viral origin. If the infection is bacterial origin, the three most common causative agent is Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. [4] Until recently, Haemophilus influenzae are the most common bacterial agent causing sinus infections. However, the introduction of the vaccine H. influenza type B (Hib) have decreased drastically H. influenza type B infection and is now non-typable H. influenza (NTHI), the dominant look at the clinic. Other sinusitis-causing bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and other streptococci species, anaerobic bacteria and, less commonly, gram-negative bacteria. Viral sinusitis usually lasts for 7 to 10 days, [4] that bacterial sinusitis is more persistent. Approximately 0.5% to 2% of viral sinusitis results in subsequent bacterial sinusitis. It is estimated that the irritation of nose blowing nose causing secondary bacterial infection. [5]
acute episodes of sinusitis can also result from fungal invasion. The infection is usually seen in patients with diabetes or other immune deficiencies (such as AIDS or transplant patients on anti-rejection immunosuppressive drugs) and can be life threatening. With type I diabetes, ketoacidosis causes sinusitis by Mucormycosis. [6]
chemical irritants can also trigger sinusitis, usually from cigarette smoke fumes and chlorine [citation needed] Rarely,. It may be caused by dental infection. [4]
[Edit] Chronic
Chronic sinusitis, by definition, lasts longer than three months and can be caused by various diseases that share chronic inflammation of the sinuses as a common symptom. Symptoms of chronic sinusitis can include a combination of: nasal congestion, facial pain, headache, cough at night, before a minor increase in asthma symptoms or controlled, general malaise, discharge thick green or yellow, a sense of 'fullness' face' or 'tightness' which may worsen when bending over, headache, toothache, and / or halitosis. [Citation needed] Each symptom has many other causes, which must be considered and investigated as well. Unless complications occur, the fever is not a feature of chronic sinusitis [citation needed] Often chronic sinusitis can cause anosmia, reduced sense of smell .. [Citation needed] In a small number of cases, acute or chronic maxillary sinusitis associated with dental infections. Vertigo, light, and blurred vision are not typical of chronic sinusitis and other causes should be investigated.
Chronic sinusitis cases are subdivided into cases with polyps and cases with no polyps. When polyps are present, the condition is called chronic hyperplastic sinusitis, but the causes are poorly understood [4] and may include allergy, environmental factors such as dust or pollution, bacterial infection, or fungus (either allergic, infectious, or reactive). factors of non-allergic, such as vasomotor rhinitis, also can cause chronic sinus problems [citation needed] the abnormal sinus narrow, like a deviated septum, may inhibit the drainage of the sinus cavity and be a contributing factor .. [Citation needed] The combination of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, [7] [8] are detected in conjunction with chronic sinusitis, Staphylococcus aureus (including resistant S. aureus methicilin) [9] and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Antibiotic treatment usually only provides temporary reduction in inflammation, although the hyperresponsiveness of the immune system against bacteria have been suggested as possible causes of sinusitis with polyps (hyperplastic chronic sinusitis). [Citation needed]
Attempts have been made to provide a more consistent nomenclature for subtypes of chronic sinusitis. The presence of eosinophils in the mucus lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses has been shown for many patients, and this has been called eosinophilic mucin rhinosinusitis (EMRS). [Citation needed] The case of EMRS may be related to an allergic response, but allergy is often not documented, so that further subcategorization into EMRS allergic and non-allergic.
More recent developments, and is still debated, in chronic sinusitis is the role that fungi play in this disease. Fungi can be found in the nasal cavity and sinuses of most patients with sinusitis, but can also be found in healthy as well. [Citation needed] It is still unclear whether the fungus is a definite factor in the development of chronic sinusitis and if, what possible difference between those who develop the disease and those who remained free of symptoms. Antifungal treatment trials have had mixed results.
